John II (French: Jean II; 26 April 1319 – 8 April 1364), called John the Good (French: Jean le Bon), was King of France from 1350 until his death. [20] Their children were: On 19 February 1350, at the royal Château de Sainte-Gemme, John married Joanna I of Auvergne (d. 1361), Countess of Auvergne and Boulogne. Upon his return to France, he created the franc to stabilize the currency and tried to get rid of the free companies by sending them to a crusade, but Pope Innocent VI died shortly before their meeting in Avignon. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. References John was accompanied by his cousin Justin Bird to Garabandal and will be buried in Garabandal today. English: John II of France, aka John the Good, king of France. Finally the treaties of Brétigny and of Calais (May and October 1360) fixed John’s ransom at 3,000,000 gold écus and surrendered most of southwestern France to Edward. In September the two forces met a few miles southeast of Poitiers. Edward was the victor of Halidon Hill in 1333, Sluys in 1340, Crécy in 1346, and at the siege of Calais 1346–47, and created the Order of the Garter. He dined with the Black Prince—who had negotiated the Treaty of Brétigny[11]—at Dover Castle, and reached English-held Calais on 8 July.[12]. [citation needed]. He also promised not to fight against France for seven years. John II, byname John the Good, French Jean le Bon, (born April 16, 1319, near Le Mans, Fr.—died April 8, 1364, London), king of France from 1350 to 1364. John II (French: Jean II; 26 April 1319 – 8 April 1364), called John the Good (French: Jean le Bon), was King of France from 1350 until his death. To escape the pandemic, John, who was living in the Parisian royal residence, the Palais de la Cité, left Paris. A treaty was drawn up. https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-II-king-of-France, Fact Monster - People - Biography of John II, King of France. Marie (1326 – 22 September 1333), who married John of Brabant, the son and heir of John III, Duke of Brabant, but died shortly afterwards. Bohemia had aspirations to control Lombardy and needed French diplomatic support. Eventually, John was taken to the Tower of London. John further irritated Charles by giving the new constable of France, Charles de La Cerda, lands that were claimed by Charles of Navarre. The military clauses stipulated that, in the event of war, Bohemia would support the French army with four hundred infantrymen. He adopted the Sun as his emblem. The political clauses ensured that the Lombard crown would not be disputed if the king of Bohemia managed to obtain it. Thus, as the new King of France, John's father Philip VI had to consolidate his power in order to protect his throne from rival claimants; therefore, he decided to marry off his son John quickly at the age of thirteen to form a strong matrimonial alliance, at the same time conferring upon him the title of Duke of Normandy. . [1] The wedding was celebrated on 28 July at the church of Notre-Dame in Melun in the presence of six thousand guests. On Henry's death in 1189, John's brother Richard became king but he nominated his nephew, Arthur, as heir. John was the great-grandson of the founder of t It was split into two key camps, the counts of Tancarville and the counts of Harcourt, which had been in conflict for generations. Philip inherited from his father the difficult problem of trying to defend the small royal domain centering on Paris and Orléans against the much more extensive holdings of Negotiations broke down, and both sides prepared for combat. In 1355, the Hundred Years' War had flared up again, and on July 1356, Edward, the Black Prince, son of Edward III of England, took an army on a great chevauchée through France. His reign is the shortest of any French king. King of FRANCE; (Duke of BURGUNDY, in Personal union, but split thrones between his sons) Born: 1319 Died: 1364. John the Fearless, 1371–1419, duke of Burgundy (1404–19); son of Philip the Bold Philip the Bold, 1342–1404, duke of Burgundy (1363–1404); a younger son of King John II of France. Geoffroy d'Harcourt raised troops against the king, rallying a number of nobles protective of their autonomy and against royal interference. PM … "Sire," Morbecque said. John II, king of Portugal from 1481 to 1495, regarded as one of the greatest Portuguese rulers, chiefly because of his ruthless assertion of royal authority over the great nobles and his resumption of the exploration of Africa and the quest for India. Passing the night at Dartford, he continued towards Dover, stopping at the Maison Dieu of St Mary at Ospringe, and paying homage at the shrine of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury on 4 July. The Black Prince attended to him personally. The French army was decimated, and John was taken prisoner. The Treaty of Brétigny was ratified in October 1360. Jones, Michael. Effectively, Normandy depended economically more on maritime trade across the English Channel than on river trade on the Seine. John signed a new truce with England on Sept. 12, 1351, but broke it by supporting the partisans of Charles of Blois (a pretender to Brittany, then held prisoner by Edward) in August 1352; the peace, however, was extended until September 23. On April 16, 1356, at Rouen, John took his revenge on Charles by having him imprisoned. After becoming king on Aug. 22, 1350, John continued a truce with the English until later that year, when he had an English hostage, Raoul de Brienne, comte d’Eu, former constable of France, executed. At the same time, Edward’s son Edward, prince of Wales (later called the Black Prince), attacked southern France. By March 1351 King Edward III of England realized the impossibility of remaining at peace; but John committed the first act of hostility by attacking and recapturing Saint-Jean-d’Angély in western France that September 7. That night King John dined in the red silk tent of his enemy. Duke John met Geoffroy d'Harcourt, to whom the king agreed to return all confiscated goods, even appointing him sovereign captain in Normandy. John II (26 April 1319 – 8 April 1364). He took as his wife Bonne of Bohemia and fathered 11 children in eleven years. [14] La Cerda was given various honours and appointed to the high position of connetable when John became king; he accompanied the king on all his official journeys to the provinces. (born and died 2 … No agreement could be reached. . When Louis escaped English custody in the summer of 1363, Jean resubmitted himself to English custody in order, he … As at Crécy, English archery proved decisive. By 1345, increasing numbers of Norman rebels had begun to pay homage to Edward III, constituting a major threat to the legitimacy of the Valois kings. The festivities were prolonged by a further two months when the young groom was finally knighted at the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris. John countered by demanding that 100 of the Prince's best knights surrender themselves to him as hostages, along with the Prince himself. Captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers on Sept. 19, 1356, he was forced to sign the disastrous treaties of 1360 during the first phase of the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) between France and England . An exchange of hostages occurred, with his son, Louis, taking his place. Had one daughter, Blanche by his first marriage. Neil Murphy shows how the French king’s competition with Edward III led to a revolution in the presentation of the royal image, manifesting The rebels demanded that Geoffroy be made duke, thus guaranteeing the autonomy granted by the charter. While he waited, the papal legate went back and forth, trying to negotiate a truce between the leaders. In spite of this precaution, John was captured. He was crowned in Reims on September 21, 1559, by his uncle, Charles, the cardinal of Lorraine. John then approached the Tancarville family, whose loyalty could ultimately ensure his authority in Normandy. This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this file: CoA Charles VIII of France… When his son, Louis of Anjou, surrendered in English-held Calais as a replacement hostage, Jean was allowed to return to France in order to raise his ransom. After the French forces were defeated at Crécy in 1346, France’s military and financial position was extremely grave; John II called together the States General in 1355 for the purpose of obtaining money to conduct military operations. He died at the Savoy Palace in April 1364. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Yield yourself to me and I will lead you to the Prince of Wales.". Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. He offered his wagon train, which was heavily loaded with loot. Troubled by the dishonour of this action, and the arrears in his ransom, John did something that shocked and dismayed his people: he announced that he would voluntarily return to captivity in England. John I (15–20 November 1316), called the Posthumous (French: Jean I le Posthume, Occitan: Joan I lo Postume), was king of France and Navarre, as the posthumous son and successor of Louis X, for the five days he lived in 1316. As a prisoner of the English, John was granted royal privileges that permitted him to travel about and enjoy a regal lifestyle. The defeat at the Battle of Crécy on 26 August 1346, and the capitulation of Calais on 3 August 1347, after an eleven-month siege, further damaged royal prestige. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Due to his close relationship with Charles de la Cerda, rumours were spread by Charles II of Navarre of a romantic attachment between the two. On 28 July 1332, at the age of 13, John was married to Bonne of Luxembourg (d. 1349), daughter of John, King of Bohemia. "[9] He then ordered the arrests of all the guests including Navarre, and in what many considered to be a rash move as well as a political mistake, he had John, the Count of Harcourt and several other Norman lords and notables summarily executed later that night in a yard nearby while he stood watching.[10]. He lunged over and grabbed Charles of Navarre shouting, "let no one move if he does not want to be dead with this sword." John was taken to London in April 1357, where he was lodged in the Savoy palace; there he concluded treaties (January 1358 and March 1359) so harsh that they were repudiated in France. While negotiating a peace accord, John was at first held in the Savoy Palace, then at a variety of locations, including Windsor, Hertford, Somerton Castle in Lincolnshire, Berkhamsted Castle in Hertfordshire, and briefly at King John's Lodge, formerly known as Shortridges, in East Sussex. He was then taken to Bordeaux, and from there to England. While John was a prisoner in London, his son Charles became regent and faced several rebellions, which he overcame. On the day of the battle, John and 17 knights from his personal guard dressed identically. He was son of Duke Jean I and Blanche, princess of Navarre. [13] His council tried to dissuade him, but he persisted, citing reasons of "good faith and honour." The peace did not last between the two, and Charles eventually struck up an alliance with Henry of Grosmont, the first Duke of Lancaster. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Nevertheless, in order to have a strategic ally against the English in Gascony, John signed the Treaty of Mantes with Charles on 22 February 1354. John II was succeeded by his son, Charles, who reigned as Charles V of France, known as The Wise. His failure to do so resulted in war. On 1 July 1363, King John was informed that Louis had escaped. He sailed for England that winter and left the impoverished citizens of France again without a king. Omissions? On 9 February 1350, five months after the death of his first wife, John married Joan I, Countess of Auvergne, in the royal Château de Sainte-Gemme (that no longer exists), at Feucherolles, near Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Francis II became the king of France on July 10, 1559, at the age of 15, after the death of his father in a jousting accident. Royal troops took the castle at Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte and Geoffroy was exiled to Brabant. He enjoyed literature and was patron to painters and musicians. He and the Prince of Wales finally met near Poitiers in September 1356. 1 Powerful Family Members 2 History 3 Family Tree 4 Real Life Members by Birth The Valois produced 13 Kings of France. To liberate his father, he concluded the Treaty of Brétigny (1360), by which France lost many territories and paid an enormous ransom. In 1342, John was in Avignon, then a part of the Papal States, at the coronation of Pope Clement VI,[4] and in the latter part of 1343, he was a member of a peace parley with Edward III of England's chancery clerk. John suffered from fragile health. When he came to power, France faced several disasters: the Black Death, which killed nearly half of its population; popular revolts known as Jacqueries; free companies (Grandes Compagnies) of routiers who plundered the country; and English aggression that resulted in catastrophic military losses, including the Battle of Poitiers of 1356, in which John was captured. The marriage of John, Viscount of Melun, to Jeanne, the only heiress of the county of Tancarville, ensured that the Melun-Tancarville party remained loyal to John, while Geoffroy d'Harcourt continued to act as defender for Norman freedoms and thus of the reforming party.[6]. On 31 June 1360 John left the Tower of London and proceeded to Eltham Palace where Queen Philippa had prepared a great farewell entertainment. U.S. President [MONROE] 's 17-Great Grandfather. Some sources claim that he even offered to return Calais to the French crown. Worse still, his defence of his continental lands was fitful and ineffective. He grew up among intrigue and treason, and in consequence he governed in secrecy only with a close circle of trusted advisers. John II ruled during the Hundred Years’ War. He assumed the government in 1330 from his mother, through whom in 1337 he laid claim to the French throne and thus began the Hundred Years' War. King of England from 1327, son of Edward II. This document is currently being converted. "The last Capetians and early Valois Kings, 1314-1364", Michael Jones, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_II_of_France&oldid=1018345431, French prisoners of war in the Hundred Years' War, Monarchs imprisoned and detained during war, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2010, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Margaret (20 September 1347 – 25 April 1352), This page was last edited on 17 April 2021, at 15:49. Surrounded, he fought on until Denis de Morbecque, a French exile who fought for England, approached him. Captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers on Sept. 19, 1356, he was forced to sign the disastrous treaties of 1360 during the first phase of the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) between France and England. With his son the banquet host, the Dauphin Charles on his knees pleading for him to stop, the King grabbed Navarre by the throat and pulled him out of his chair yelling in his face, "Traitor, you are not worthy to sit at my son's table! In an exchange of hostages, which included his second son Louis, Duke of Anjou, John was released from captivity to raise funds for his ransom. A son [John?] His body was returned to France, where he was interred in the royal chambers at Saint Denis Basilica. The Treaty of Brétigny (drafted in May 1360) set his ransom at an astounding 3 million crowns, roughly two or three years worth of revenue for the French Crown, which was the largest national budget in Europe during that period. This act, which was largely driven by revenge for Charles of Navarre's and John of Harcourt's pre-meditated plot that killed John's favorite Charles de La Cerda, would push much of what remaining support the King had from the lords in Normandy away to King Edward and the English camp, setting the stage for the English invasion and the resulting Battle of Poitiers in the months to come. Crowned in 1199, and momentarily victorious over his enemies at Mirebeau (western France) in 1202, John captured and almost certainly murdered his teenaged nephew, Arthur of Brittany, and alienated powerful Norman lords by the harsh mistreatment of his prisoners. There is some debate over whether the Black Prince wanted to fight at all. Coat of Arms of Peter I, Duke of Brittany and his successors.John II (in Breton Yann II, in French Jean II de Dreux) (1239 – 18 November 1305) was Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond, from 1286 to his death. He became King of England after the death of his brother Richard I (Richard the Lionheart).. His reign was marked by disputes between John and his barons and bishops.Because of this the nobles forced him to observe … Joanna, his second wife, was crowned queen of France at the same time.[7]. John II, byname John the Good, French Jean le Bon, (born April 16, 1319, near Le Mans, Fr.—died April 8, 1364, London), king of France from 1350 to 1364. John first went to defend Paris and Chartres. Although considered a king today, his status was not recognized until chroniclers and historians in later … Leaving his son Louis of Anjou in Calais as a replacement hostage, John was allowed to return to France to raise the funds. Corrections? On his first pastoral visit to France in the spring of 1980, John Paul II, whose affection for the Gallic “Eldest Daughter of the Church” and her culture dates back to his student days, shocked a congregation of 350,000 at LeBourget Airport by bluntly asking, “France . Though he fought with valor, wielding a large battle-axe, his helmet was knocked off. John was confident of victory—his army was probably twice the size of his opponent's—but he did not immediately attack. Meet John II of France, who was captured by the English, in the Hundred Years War, and held hostage in London. HM George I's 9-Great Grandfather. King John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was the son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.He was King of England from 6 April 1199, until his death. "I am a knight of Artois. Defections by the nobility, whose land fell within the broad economic influence of England, particularly in the north and west, increased. The duchy had not been English for 150 years, but many landowners had holdings across the Channel. John and Joanna had three children, all of whom died shortly after birth: John II was succeeded by his son, Charles, who reigned as Charles V of France, known as The Wise. Consequently, to line up behind one or other sovereign risked confiscation. La Cerda's fate paralleled that of Edward II of England's Piers Gaveston and John II of Castile's Álvaro de Luna; the position of a royal favourite was a dangerous one. When he came to power, France faced several disasters: the Black Death, which killed nearly half of its population; popular revolts known as Jacqueries; free companies (Grandes Compagnies) of routiers who plundered the country; and English aggression that resulted in catastrophic military losses, including the Battle of Poitiersof 1356, in which John was captur… Rheims did not open its gates to Edward as he had hoped, and a storm…. On Oct. 9, 1360, John was released to raise a ransom that France could not afford to pay, and hostages were accepted in his place. La Cerda's rise at court excited the jealousy of the French barons, several of whom stabbed him to death in 1354.